Teachers' profile in sustainability: association with personal and social responsibility in physical education classes / Perfil dos professores em sustentabilidade: associação com responsabilidade pessoal e social nas aulas de educação física

ABSTRACT This study aims to identify in a sample of future teachers the profiles of their perceptions, attitudes, and values towards sustainable development and to determine whether a specific profile is related to personal and social responsibility and positive behaviors in Physical Education classes. The sample comprised 372 students (Mage = 22.02±3.16 years; 66.67% girls) from the subject of Physical Education of the Degree of Teacher of Primary Education (Universities of Granada and Zaragoza). An initial cluster analysis revealed the existence of two different groups among future teachers: Cluster 1, "negative perception," represented by 36.3%, and Cluster 2, "positive perceptions" with 63.7% of the sample. Thus, almost 40% of the sample does not perceive the current environmental crisis. The relationship between the groups and the rest of the target variables was analyzed through one-factor ANOVA, finding that Cluster 2 students had higher values in all the dimensions of personal and social responsibility and positive behaviors than those of Cluster 1. Lastly, a discriminant analysis revealed that belonging to a certain university determined belonging to one of the two Clusters, with the values obtained by the sample from the University of Granada being higher than those from the University of Zaragoza.

RESUMO Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar em uma amostra de futuros professores os perfis de suas percepções, atitudes e valores em relação ao desenvolvimento sustentável e determinar se um perfil específico está relacionado à responsabilidade pessoal e social e a comportamentos positivos nas aulas de Educação Física. A amostra foi composta por 372 alunos (idade = 22,02±3,16 anos; 66,67% meninas) da disciplina de Educação Física do curso de Licenciatura em Educação Básica (Universidades de Granada e Zaragoza). Uma análise inicial de agrupamento revelou a existência de dois grupos diferentes entre os futuros professores: O Grupo 1, "percepção negativa", representado por 36,3%, e o Grupo 2, "percepções positivas", com 63,7% da amostra. Assim, quase 40% da amostra não percebe a atual crise ambiental. A relação entre os grupos e o restante das variáveis-alvo foi analisada por meio de uma ANOVA de um fator, que revelou que os alunos do Grupo 2 tinham valores mais altos em todas as dimensões de responsabilidade pessoal e social e comportamentos positivos do que os do Grupo 1. Por fim, uma análise discriminante revelou que o fato de pertencer a uma determinada universidade determinava o pertencimento a um dos dois grupos, sendo que os valores obtidos pela amostra da Universidade de Granada eram mais altos do que os da Universidade de Zaragoza.

What is needed to promote physical activity in a secondary school? a qualitative study / O que é necessário para promover a atividade física em uma escola de ensino médio? um estudo qualitativo / ¿qué se necesita para promover la actividad física en una escuela secundaria? un estudio cualitativo

Interventions are required to modify physical activity behaviours in adolescents, and in this regard, education-based actions seem to be effective. The aim of this study was to explore the beliefs and perceptions of the context stakeholders with respect to adolescents' health behaviours, as well as intervention programmes to gain insight into the setting where the implementation of an intervention is required. Three focus groups were created with twenty-two participants (nine adolescents, four parents, six teachers, and three local politicians). The educational context, in collaboration with the community, was perceived as a setting with high a potential for physical activity promotion. Engagement and coordination of all stakeholders were considered necessary for a tailored intervention, in addition to programme institutionalization to ensure sustainability. Multilevel intervention with a whole-school and community approach is key to increasing physical activity levels among adolescents. (AU)

São necessárias intervenções para modificar os comportamentos de atividade física dos adolescentes e, nesse sentido, as ações baseadas na educação nas escolas parecem ser eficazes. O objetivo deste estudo foi explorar as crenças e percepções das partes interessadas do contexto em relação aos comportamentos de saúde dos adolescentes, bem como aos programas de intervenção para obter uma visão do ambiente em que uma intervenção deseja ser implementada. Foram criados três grupos focais com vinte e dois participantes (nove adolescentes, quatro pais, seis professores e três políticos locais). O contexto educativo, em colaboração com a comunidade, foi percebido como um ambiente com um alto potencial para a promoção da atividade física. O compromisso e a coordenação de todas as partes interessadas foram considerados necessários para uma intervenção personalizada, bem como a institucionalização do programa para garantir a sustentabilidade. A intervenção multinível com uma abordagem de toda a escola e da comunidade é fundamental para aumentar os níveis de atividade física entre os adolescentes. (AU)

Se necesitan intervenciones para modificar los comportamientos de actividad física en adolescentes y, en este sentido, las iniciativas desde la educación parecen ser efectivas. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar las creencias y percepciones de las partes interesadas del contexto en relación con los comportamientos de salud de los adolescentes y los programas de intervención para conocer mejor el entorno en el que se quiere aplicar una intervención. Se crearon tres grupos focales con veintidós participantes (nueve adolescentes, cuatro padres, seis docentes y tres políticos locales). El contexto educativo, en colaboración con la comunidad, fue percibido como un ambiente con un alto potencial para la promoción de la actividad física. Se consideró necesario el compromiso y la coordinación de todas las partes interesadas para una intervención personalizada, así como la institucionalización del programa para garantizar la sostenibilidad. La intervención multinivel con un enfoque de toda la escuela y la comunidad es clave para aumentar los niveles de actividad física entre los adolescentes. (AU)

Psychometric Characteristics of a Commuting-to-School Behaviour Questionnaire for Families.

The purposes of this study were: (a) to describe the patterns of modes of commuting to school (children) and to work (parents) separated by gender and age, (b) to validate the questions on children's mode of commuting to and from school according to their parents, and (c) to analyse the reliability of a family questionnaire focused on commuting to school behaviours. A total of 611 parents (mean age: 43.28 ± 6.25 years old) from Granada (Spain) completed "Family commuting-to-school behaviour" questionnaire in two sessions separated by 14 days, (2016 and 2018). The validation between family and children's questions was assessed using the Kappa and Spearman correlation coefficients, and the test-retest reliability within the family questions was assessed using the Kappa and the weighted Kappa. The children's modes of commuting to school (mean age: 11.44 ± 2.77 years old) were mainly passive (57.7% to school) while parents' modes of commuting to work were mainly active (71.6%). The validity of the mode of commuting was significant with high Kappa and Spearman coefficients. The test-retest reliability presented a good agreement for the mode of commuting to school in children, distance and time to school, and the mode of commuting to work in parents, while the questions on acceptable distance to walk or cycle to school showed a moderate to good agreement. The "Family commuting-to-school behaviour" questionnaire could be a useful tool to assess the mode of commuting of children, distance and time to school for researchers and practitioners.

Feasibility and Reliability of a Questionnaire to Assess the Mode, Frequency, Distance and Time of Commuting to and from School: The PACO Study.

Active commuting to and from school has several health implications. Self-reporting is the most common assessment tool, but there is a high heterogeneity of questionnaires in the scientific literature. The purpose of this study was to analyse the feasibility and reliability of the Spanish "New Version of Mode and Frequency of Commuting To and From School" questionnaire in children and adolescents. A total of 635 children (5-12 years old) and 362 adolescents (12-18 years old) filled out the questionnaire twice (14 days apart). Feasibility was evaluated using an observational checklist. The test-retest reliability of the "New Version of Mode and Frequency of Commuting To and From School" questionnaire and the distance and time to school were examined using the kappa and weight kappa coefficient (κ). No misunderstanding of questions was reported. The time to complete the questionnaire was 15 ± 3.62 and 9 ± 2.26 min for children and adolescents, respectively. The questionnaire showed substantial and almost perfect kappa coefficients for the overall six items (k = 0.61-0.94) in children and adolescents. The "New Version of Mode and Frequency of Commuting To and From School" questionnaire is a feasible and reliable questionnaire in Spanish children and adolescents.

Development of the 'Sigue la Huella' physical activity intervention for adolescents in Huesca, Spain.

Engaging in physical activity (PA) on a regular and adequate basis generates considerable benefits for health. In developed countries, the time spent doing PA is decreasing, whilst sedentary time (ST) is increasing. A multicomponent school-based intervention programme, called 'Sigue la Huella' (Follow the Footprint), was developed to reduce sedentary lifestyles and increase PA levels. This programme has proven to be effective in increasing the daily levels of moderate to vigorous PA, in decreasing ST and in improving motivational outcomes in secondary education students, in the city of Huesca (Spain). The study design was quasi-experimental, longitudinal and by cohorts, and it was carried out in four schools, two as an experimental group (n = 368) and two as a control group (n = 314). During the 25 months' intervention, this programme adopted a holistic approach aiming to create favourable environments to engage in PA, and the empowerment of students to get actively involved in the design and execution of the activities, assuming responsibility for managing and optimizing their own PA. The programme is theoretically based on the social-ecological model and self-determination theory, and it provided evidence for four actions or components that can be used in school-based PA promotion: tutorial action, Physical Education at school, dissemination of information and participation in institutional programmes and events. The aim of this article is to describe the main characteristics of the intervention programme that have proved to be effective with respect to the objectives proposed.

Motivational Outcomes and Predictors of Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Sedentary Time for Adolescents in the Sigue La Huella Intervention.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the multicomponent Sigue la Huella intervention on selected motivational outcomes and whether any of these outcomes, in addition to relevant socio-demographic, biological, and behavioral factors, served as predictors of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary time among participants through the intervention. METHOD: This quasi-experimental, cohort study took place in four secondary schools in Huesca (Spain) during three academic years (students aged 12-15 years). Two schools were assigned to the experimental condition (n = 368) and two schools to the control condition (n = 314). Outcome variables were assessed objectively. RESULTS: A total of 553 participants met study inclusion criteria. Compared to the control group, participants in the experimental group reported greater enjoyment of physical activity, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in physical education, perceived autonomy in physical education, perceived competence in physical education, and perceived importance of physical education over time. Participants in this group reported also lower amotivation in physical education over time. In subsequent analyses, gender, organized physical activity out of school, sedentary time, and perceived importance of physical education predicted moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Type of school (public vs. private), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and perceived autonomy in physical education emerged as predictors of sedentary time. CONCLUSION: Sigue la Huella had a positive effect on motivational outcomes relevant to moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, sedentary time, and, particularly, student engagement in physical education. The analyses identified shared and unique determinants of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary time, suggesting that specific intervention strategies may be required to address each outcome.

Data for action: the use of formative research to design a school-based intervention programme to increase physical activity in adolescents.

Formative research is a critical step for the development of interventions aimed at changing behaviours, as is the case of physical activity. This process permits obtaining detailed information about the programme application context. 'Follow the Footstep' is a quasi-experimental and longitudinal study in secondary schools, the aim of which is to increase levels of physical activity among adolescents. To inform the design of the intervention programme, formative research has been carried out to analyse the perceptions of parents, teachers and students, through six focus groups.The social-ecological model was used both to carry out the formative research and then to design the programme, including five levels of influence on behaviour (individual, interpersonal, organizational, community and political), which are important when it comes to adopting a comprehensive intervention approach. The authors describe how the results of formative research were transferred to guide the design and development of the intervention. As results indicate, parents, teachers and students agreed on a need to intervene by engaging adolescents and their close social environment. The school centre is the key organizational structure to implement this intervention, supported by professionals and the community.

Effects of the 3-year Sigue la Huella intervention on sedentary time in secondary school students.

BACKGROUND: To examine the effects of the Sigue la Huella (Follow the Footstep) intervention on adolescents' daily sedentary time (ST). METHODS: This quasi-experimental, cohort study took place in four secondary schools in Huesca (Spain) during the 2009-2010, 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 academic years (students aged 12-15 years). Two schools were assigned to the experimental condition (n = 368) and two schools to the control condition (n = 314). Sigue la Huella adopted a whole school approach and used both curricular and non-curricular intervention channels to empower students to make better decisions. ST was measured for 7 days on four occasions using accelerometers. Growth curve models were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: In the model with all participants, a significant interaction indicated that the effect of the intervention was dependent on the study cohort considered. While in cohort 1 there were no significant differences in rate of linear change of ST between the experimental and the control group (P = 0.148), in cohorts 2 and 3 significant differences were observed in favor of the experimental group (ß = -13.88, 95% CI = -25.00 to -2.76, P = 0.015; ß = -76.73, 95% CI = -110.68 to -42.78, P < 0.001), independent of type of school (public vs. private) and gender. CONCLUSIONS: Sigue la Huella had mainly a protective effect in two of the three study cohorts. Whereas in cohort 2 the intervention prevented increases in ST, in cohort 3 the intervention reduced considerably the increase in ST noted in the control group.

Factors associated with compliance with physical activity recommenddations among adolescents in Huesca / Factores asociados con el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de actividad física entre los adolescentes dehuesca / Factores associados ao cumprimento das recomendações de actividade fisica entre adolescentes de huesca

Schools have been identified as environments of choice for physical activity promotion. This study examines factors associated with compliance with objectively assessed physical activity recommendations for early adolescents taking part in “Sigue la Huella”, a school-based intervention guided by a social ecological framework and Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan, 2002). A total of 200 students (108 boys) aged 12-13 years (M = 12.16; SD = ± 0.51), wore accelerometers during a seven-day period and completed a questionnaire. Participants were considered compliant to the recommendations if their moderate to vigorous physical activity, averaged over seven days, was ≥ 60 minutes a day. As a result 57.4% of boys and 9.9% of girls met recommendations. In a multilevel logistic regression model, compliance was higher among boys and students attending private schools, and lower for obese students. Compliance was also associated with higher perceptions of physical competence, higher perceptions of autonomy in physical education, greater importance attached to physical education and less sedentary time. In conclusion, assessed objectively, gender differences in compliance with physical activity recommendations were greater than expected. Self-Determination Theory emerged as a useful framework to identify motivational factors that can be addressed in school-based physical activity interventions and programs for early adolescents

s centros escolares têm sido identificados como contextos privilegiados para a promoção da actividade física. Este estudo examina osfactores associados ao cumprimento das recomendações da actividade física avaliados objectivamente para os jovens adolescentes que integram o pro-grama “Sigue la Huella”, uma intervenção realizada em contexto escolar e baseada num marco teórico ecológico e na Teoria da Auto-determinação(Deci e Ryan, 2002). Um total de 200 estudantes (108 rapazes) de 12 e 13 anos (M= 12.16; DP= ± 0.51) usaram acelerómetros durante um período desete dias e preencheram um questionário. Os participantes eram considerados como cumpridores das recomendações se a sua actividade física mode-rada-vigorosa média era ≥ 60 e se mantinha durante os sete dias. Os resultados indicam que 57.4% dos rapazes e 9.9% das raparigas cumpriram as re-comendações. Através de um modelo multinível de regressão logística, constatou-se que o cumprimento foi superior entre os rapazes e os estudantes decolégios privados, e menor para os estudantes obesos. O cumprimento das recomendações também se associou a uma maior percepção de competênciafísica, uma maior percepção de autonomia em educação física, maior importância que se atribui à educação física e a um menor tempo sedentário. Emsuma, a partir da avaliação objectiva, as diferenças de género no cumprimento das recomendações de actividade física foram superiores ao esperado. ATeoria da Auto-Determinação configura-se como um marco útil para identificar os factores motivacionais que podem ser abordados nas intervenções eprogramas de actividade física no âmbito escolar para os jovens adolescentes

Los centros escolares han sido identificados como los entornos idoneos para la promoción de la actividad física. Este estudio examina los factores asociados con el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de actividad física evaluados objetivamente para los jóvenes adolescentes que forman parte de "Sigue la Huella", una intervención basada en el entorno escolar guiada por un marco social ecológico y la teoría de la Autodeterminación (Deciy Ryan, 2002). Un total de 200 estudiantes (108 chicos) de 12 y 13 años (M = 12.16; DE = ± 0.51), llevaron acelerómetros durante un período de siete días y completaron un cuestionario. A los participantes se les consideraba conformes a las recomendaciones si su actividad física moderada-vigorosa, como promedio durante los siete días, era ≥ 60 minutos al día. Como resultado, el 57.4% de los chicos y el 9.9% de las chicas cumplieron las recomendaciones. En un modelo multinivel de regresión logística, el cumplimiento fue mayor entre los chicos y los estudiantes que asisten a colegios privados, y menor para los estudiantes obesos. El cumplimiento también se asoció con una mayor percepción de competencia física, una mayor percepción de la autonomía en la educación física, mayor importancia que se le concede a la educación física y con un menor tiempo sedentario. En conclusión, a partir de la valoración objetiva, las diferencias de género en el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de actividad física fueron mayores de lo esperado. La teoría de la Autodeterminación surgió como un marco útil para identificar los factores motivacionales que pueden ser abordados en las intervenciones y programas de actividad física en el ámbito escolar para los jóvenes adolescentes

Promising school-based strategies and intervention guidelines to increase physical activity of adolescents.

This narrative review describes the available scientific evidence regarding promising school-based strategies to increase physical activity of adolescents. We conducted a literature search for studies published up to 2011, regarding adolescent physical activity intervention studies that resulted in increased physical activity (regardless of measurement) and reviewed 52 intervention articles and 21 review articles. We identified several promising strategies and grouped into five broad intervention guidelines. These guidelines are as follows: (i) design multi-component interventions that foster the empowerment of members of the school community; (ii) develop improvements to Physical Education curricula as a strategy to promote physical activity to adolescents; (iii) design and implement non-curricular programmes and activities to promote physical activity; (iv) include computer-tailored interventions during the implementation and monitoring of physical activity promotion programmes and (v) design and implement specific strategies that respond to the interests and needs of girls. On the basis of our review of the adolescent physical activity promotion literature, we suggest that these five guidelines should be taken into account in school-based interventions geared towards achieving an increase in adolescent physical activity.